School Bus Extrication Tactics and Techniques

New car designs are plentiful and changing daily. We are also faced with lots of big vehicles with more differences and challenges on top of what we see in passenger cars and trucks. With that being said, I am going to focus on school bus extrication tactics and techniques in this article. The forthcoming discussion is information from the training ground and incident scenes.

Size-up factors include area hazards, such as utility poles.

These are techniques to train on and keep in your mental slide tray for when you are faced with a similar situation.

As with passenger vehicle crashes, consider what the crash gives you as far as access upon your arrival. Also, look for open doors, windows or even roof hatches first. Many times, the occupants of the school bus will give you an opening. With manufactured emergency openings, children are trained during evacuation drills on how to get out. If these openings are damaged, obstructed or you need another opening, some of the techniques we will discuss may be needed.

When faced with a school bus on its side, you may need to make additional openings in the roof.

Being a professional tool operator

As firefighters, we really should think, train and operate with the mentality that we are professional tool operators. School bus extrication may require a variety of tools that are on your engine or rescue. From experience, the tool of choice for cutting through the side wall, roof and many other parts of a school bus is the reciprocating saw. The saws on the market today, whether corded or battery powered, are faster and more powerful than previous generations. They can throw sparks, but much fewer than other cutting options. Along with the reciprocating saw, blade choice is important as well. There are many different brands of metal cutting blades on the market that work well, however, they can dull quickly. It is recommended to use a carbide-tip metal-cutting blade, which will last much longer. Also, use 9-inch blades due to the thickness of the school bus body (this is a pretty common size for all extrication).

A school bus extrication may require a variety of tools that are on your engine or rescue.

You may wonder about using other cutting saws such as a K12 or circular saw. We have used K12s in training and they are loud and throw lots of sparks that bounce around and deflect around the inside of the passenger compartment. For this reason, it’s not a recommended saw, especially when the school bus has occupants on it that need rescue. Some smaller circular saws are a viable option, but blade depth can be an issue depending on where you are cutting on the school bus. Some circular saws will throw more sparks than a reciprocating saw but testing blades can help you find a good option.

Air chisels have their place in school bus extrication, just like in passenger vehicle extrication. You may be limited by the amount of air you have and can get quickly for extended cutting, but for cutting hinges, metal panels on the side or roof, and hard to get finish cuts, chisels are a great option.

Many other tools and equipment such as—but not limited to—cribbing, hydraulics, airbags, hand tools, chains, chain or cable come-alongs and ladders may come into play. As a professional tool operator, it is up to you to know what is on your apparatus and to know how to use it.

Steering column displacement

There are major differences in the steering columns of different school bus types and displacement techniques are critical for success. Additionally, there are several different options to complete steering column and dash displacement in each. The two biggest differences in school bus steering column anatomy involve Type C and Type D school buses.

Hydraulic spreaders can be used to displace the steering column on a Type C school bus.

Type C school buses have the engine and front steering wheels in the front of the main entrance door. This resembles a passenger vehicle, however, everything is bigger in size. The steering column itself goes through the firewall just like a passenger vehicle. Think for a minute how you would displace the steering column and dash on a passenger vehicle.

Type D school buses resemble city charter buses where the main entrance door is in front of the front steering wheels. The engine could be to the right of the driver, partially below the floor or in the rear of the bus. The steering column goes through the floor, not the firewall. Realize in the Type D school bus, displacing the steering column will not move the dash as you might expect in passenger vehicles.

One option to displace the steering column on a Type D school bus is to use a chain hoist.

So, as far as techniques to displace the steering column in Type C buses, you can use hydraulic spreaders laying on the engine compartment hood to pull a chain hooked to the bumper, frame or tow hooks and another around the steering column. A chain hoist, connected in the same way as described when using the spreaders, is another option as is a ram to push the A post, or even a heavy wrecker that is available to hold the frame stationary and pull the steering column with its cable.

In Type D school buses, we need to vary the displacement techniques because the steering column goes through the floor and there is no engine compartment hood. The first thing to realize is that pushing the A post or dashboard will not move the steering column like it would in a Type C bus or passenger vehicle. Pushing the dash will potentially gain more space, however, the steering column is a different bone in the school bus anatomy. Next, tool placement for pulling the steering column is different due to that flat face of the Type D school bus. To pull the steering column, several blocks of cribbing (i.e. 4 x 4s) will be needed to get an outward angle pull with hydraulic spreaders or a chain hoist. If using hydraulic spreaders, ensure that the arms of the spreaders stay in line and do not torque off their centerline, which could cause tool failure and/or potential injury to rescuers.

Sidewall access

If an opening in the sidewall of the school bus is needed for access, victim removal or getting equipment in is needed, this technique will require more time than expected because of the multiple layers and thicknesses of metal. The situation will dictate whether you need a single-window width opening, double-window width opening, or maybe just a single window cut down to seat level. If you are removing the entire side wall down to the floor, realize you will need to get rid of the seat that is attached to the inner sidewall.

Air chisels can be used for cutting metal on various parts of a school bus.

Removing the seat can be done by using spreaders to pop the bolts where attached to the inner sidewall and cutting the seat legs along the aisle way. It is strongly recommended to remove the sidewall attachment points prior to cutting the seat legs, especially if popping the bolts with the spreaders. If you cut the seat legs first and then use spreaders to pop the sidewall attachment bolts by spreading between the floor and bottom seat frame, the seat could fly a bit violently because of the tension being placed on the bolts. You can also remove the seat with a variety of other tools (reciprocating saw, air chisel, ratchets, etc.).

Note the reciprocating saw blade being perpendicular to the metal. This will create a challenge when trying to pull the post outward. Ideally, the trigger end of the saw should be higher than the blade to make a cut that will allow metal to pull out easily.

Now, back to cutting the sidewall itself. You will need to remove the window glass, so be careful not to spray glass on any school bus passengers or other rescuers. The reciprocating saw with a carbide-tip blade is a great option. After glass removal, start your cut at the bottom of the window an inch or so inside the post. If you start the cut right down the window post, you will run into extra metal, thus slowing your cutting. There are multiple layers of metal in the side of school buses, so good reciprocating saw technique is important. Don’t force the saw or the blade may kick out. Let it cut by pushing the butt of the saw firmly against the metal. Great firefighters can be humbled by using a reciprocating saw on a school bus, even though most of us have used them a bit.

If you are removing the entire side wall down to the floor, realize you will need to get rid of the seat that is attached to the inner sidewall.

Another consideration is the angle of your cut, which applies to many different extrication scenarios. If you want metal to move in a certain direction, make sure you think about how you are holding your tool.

Roof access

When faced with a school bus on its side, you may need to make additional openings. If you need to cut an opening, you can do it quickly with a striking tool, reciprocating saw and/or a chisel. There are typically two stringers running front to back of the bus on the roof and bows that correspond with window posts. Many times these thicker roof supports can be identified with visible rivets. Try to avoid these structural supports as there will be less metal to cut.

An air chisel can make pretty quick work of the sheet metal between all the roof structural stringers and bows.

A purchase point through the outer and inner sheet metal will give you a good purchase point for a reciprocating blade. Also, an air chisel can make pretty quick work of the sheet metal between all the roof structural stringers and bows.

Rollover pinning

Rollover pinning could happen anywhere. Think about how many times you’ve heard about a person who was partially ejected from a passenger vehicle and ended up pinned under the vehicle. These rescues should be fast. Now think about a school bus rollover scenario where a child gets ejected from a window and becomes pinned. Is it possible? You bet. This scenario could happen anywhere on any day.

If using two high-lift jacks, be sure to coordinate the operation.

Many times, firefighters think airbags when it comes to lifting a vehicle, but there are many options to make this school bus lift. Think about which option is going to be fastest because time is of the essence. You could use airbags, but they take time to set up. You could also use a floor jack, bottle jack, pry bars, driving wedges, or hydraulic spreaders. All of these are options that have pros/cons that you should consider.

As with any lift, crib to prevent the load from falling back on the victim.

One specific tool that can make quick work of this scenario is the high-lift jack. A purchase point with a striking tool through both the outer and inner roof sheet metal below the bottom stringer will provide an excellent spot to insert the high-lift jack runner (part of the jack where the load is lifted). One jack can make the lift, but two makes for an easier lift. If using two jacks, be sure to coordinate the operation. As with any lift, crib as you go to prevent the load from falling back on the victim. High-lift jacks are a fast option for lifting because set-up is easy and they always start. Be sure to train on their operations to understand the limitations and hazards of not controlling the handle when the jack is loaded.

Training days

As firefighters and rescuers, we should constantly be learning. There are many types of vehicles, including school buses, on the road daily. The information we have covered will hopefully provide you with some motivation to learn more about rescue, specifically regarding school buses carrying children. We must be prepared as trained and equipped rescuers for this type of rescue. A great rescue mentor of mine told me to always know more than one option to complete a task. To embody this mentality, we must train every day. I encourage you to find a school bus to train on and cut up. Practice using the rescue tools on your apparatus, so you become a smarter and faster school bus extrication rescuer.